North Fife Farm Shop Cupar

North Fife Cupar Farm Shop. Today opened their new shop which is much larger and will quite soon have a cafe and take away foods. the address is :- Cupar Farm Shop, East Burnside, Cupar KY15 4BH.
The shop provides organic and locally grown foods. Free delivery within 10 miles and can be contacted on :- 01334653086, email thefarmshopcupar@tiscali.co.uk

Scotland 2008 Calendars

North Fife Property for sale St Andrews Hepworth Gardens

For sale this North Fife property, Hepburn Hall Hepburn Gardens St Andrews.
* Property Type : Flat
* Public Rooms : 1
* Bedrooms : 4
* Bathrooms : 3
* Garden : no
* Garage : no
£612,000
Hepburn Hall houses a selection of finely crafted properties converted to a high standard in 2005. Hepburn Hall is set within large mature gardens situated off Hepburn Gardens within walking distance of St Andrews town centre. Flat five is a top floor apartment.
Sitting room, modern dining kitchen, four bedrooms, (two with en-suite facilities), shower room, private residents parking, gas central heating, secondary glazing, secure entry system.
* Property Ref : flat5
* Property Type : Flat
* Public Rooms : 1
* Bedrooms : 4
* Garage : no
* Garden : no

Hepburn Hall houses a selection of finely crafted properties converted to a high standard in 2005. Hepburn Hall is set within large mature gardens situated off Hepburn Gardens within walking distance of St Andrews town centre. Flat five is a top floor apartment. Sitting room, modern dining kitchen, four bedrooms, (two with en-suite facilities), shower room, private residents parking, gas central heating, secondary glazing, secure entry system
Hepburn Hall houses a selection of finely crafted properties converted to a high standard in 2005. Hepburn Hall is set within large mature gardens situated off Hepburn Gardens. The garden provides a fitting setting for these superior homes just a short distance from the centre of St Andrews. The property has been sympathetically renovated retaining many traditional features with modern conveniences. Flat five forms part of the original building and is located on the top floor. This property offers flexible accommodation and comprises sitting room, modern dining kitchen with granite worktops and cooking island, four bedrooms (two with en-suite facilities) and a modern shower room. The property benefits from private residents parking and gas central heating. We highly recommend an early inspection.

St Andrews Day North Fife

The City of St Andrews in North Fife on a sunnyish day. Home of golf and the famous university.


Celebrate St. Andrew's Day - 30th November

St. Andrew's Day is a celebration of Scotland’s patron saint, our national identity, history, culture and heritage.
St. Andrew's Day marks the start of the Winter Festival – 100 days of events that takes in Hogmanay and Burns’ Night, celebrating Scottish music, food and dance.
See for Free
To help us all get into the spirit, over 60 of Scotland's top visitor attractions are opening their doors free of charge on St Andrew's Day (30th November).
It's a joint initiative between the National Trust for Scotland, Historic Scotland and the Association of Visitor Attractions (ASVA), and the idea was designed to encourage Scots and tourists alike to experience the wealth and breadth of award-winning attractions that Scotland has to offer.
Attractions include:
The Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh – discover the extraordinary impact Scotland has had on modern medicine, the gory details behind Burke and Hare’s chilling murders, and how Edinburgh surgeon Joseph Bell, who taught Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, inspired the writer’s famous detective - Sherlock Holmes.
Skara Brae, Skaill, Orkney - this is the best preserved prehistoric village in northern Europe. Discover surprisingly familiar household items carved from stone, and glimpse at what domestic life was like for the people of this farming settlement 5,000 years ago.
That's only a few of the attractions on offer and you can find out what is going on near you, by going to the Scotland.org website: North Fife . This site offers interesting facts about Saint Andrew, and to get in the mood, you can download 'Auld Lang Syne' by the Red Hot Chili Pipers.
City Celebrations
And after a day spent exploring one of the many free historic attractions, take a look at what events are planned by a city near you.
Get out the kilt and dance the Dashing White Sergeant at Glasgow’s Shindig in the Square, or enjoy Aberdeen’s Doric Cabaret Evening with local musicians, dancers and story tellers.
Dundee, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness and Stirling are all holding events, so go to the Scotland.org Website to find out more: www.scotland.org
St Andrews Day is a day to celebrate Scotland - and to learn what being Scottish in the 21st century means, school children were told today.

First Minister Alex Salmond launched the programmes for St Andrew's Day and Winter Festival at St Margaret's Primary School in Loanhead, Midlothian. Launched the programmes for St Andrew's Day and Winter Festival at St Margaret's Primary School in Loanhead, Midlothian.
One Scotland. Many Cultures
The Scotland of today is a nation of many races, and St. Andrew's Day has become a way of embracing and celebrating our cultural diversity.
As part of the Scots Trad Music Awards programme, Fort William’s Nevis Centre will host a ceilidh dance with a twist, with traditional Scottish bands playing along with an Indian Bhangra band. Join the fun from 7.30pm. Tickets will be £8 (£6 concession) – phone 01397 700 707.
At the International Womens' Centre, Dundee, women originally from countries all around the world will celebrate Scotland’s cultural diversity.
At the Edinburgh International Conference Centre, our Scotland is a dramatic presentation that explores our past and present identity as Scots. This multi media experience tells the story of our multicultural past through film, music, dance, poetry and song. Tickets (£4 / £2.50 concession) can be purchased from the Lyceum Box Office on 0131 248 4848.
Keep Partying
Scotland's Winter Festival runs from St. Andrew's Day right the way through to Burns Season at the end of January. That's a whole lot of celebrating!
St Andrews Day is a day to celebrate Scotland - and to learn what being Scottish in the 21st century means, school children were told today.

North Fife Flisk November Hopetoun Monument

Sir John Hope (4th Earl of Hopetoun) His statue outside The Royal Bank of Scoland office, Dundas Street,
Edinburgh.
1765 - 1823 Soldier. Born at Hopetoun House near Edinburgh. Hope served at the Battle of Alexandria (1801) and led the First Division in Spain during the Peninsular War (1808 - 14). Under the command of General Sir John Moore (1761 - 1809), the British Army was faced with defeat in 1808 with the French having taken Madrid and advanced towards them. The British executed a winter retreat under terrible conditions across the mountains from Astorga to the coast at Corunna, with the intention of escaping by sea. However, the French attacked with greatly superior numbers and a desperate battle ensured, but the British were eventually triumphant and the French suffered massive casualties. Hope distinguished himself in this battle and, when Moore was killed, Hope heroically took command of the British Army. Sir David Baird of Newbyth (1757 - 1829) was severely injured in the same battle. Hope's successful evacuation of his army earned him a knighthood in his own right from King George III. The Peninsular War ended with the capture and isolation of Napoleon on the Island of Elba.
Hope died in Paris and is remembered by various monuments, including large Hopetoun Monuments in Fife and East Lothian. His statue is to be found in front of Dundas House in Edinburgh's St Andrew's Square, Hope having been a governor of the Royal Bank of Scotland.
Looking east from Flisk North Fife over Luthrie towards the phallic Hopetoun Monument, Mounthill on the way to Cupar. Just click to enlarge.What a man he was. from, The Gazetteer for Scotland.

North Fife Lamb Recipe

Bouquet garni organically grown at Flisk :- Lovage, Thyme, Parsley, Leave Celery, wrapped in Leek outer leaf with garlic, tomatoes and a potato. Cooked with the beans imparting an amazing flavour.
Beans, these are the last of the climbing beans from the garden, the colours, I find, are incredible.
In this north fife lamb recipe the rich colours are sadly lost in the cooking. The lamb sausages were fried, some of the resulting fat was used to make a rue which was added to some of the bean water. The dish was garnished with garden grown corriander. The Boiled potatoes were drained and cut into bite size pieces and fried in the the resulting fats from the sausages. The colour could have been better but the tastes were a delight.

North Fife Normans Law November

Full Moon over Normans Law North Fife on a cold November day.
Scanning from west to east looking north to Normans Law at Parbroath North Fife on a blustery November day.

St Andrews railway Leuchars North Fife.

St Athernase Church Leuchars North Fife. A very fine example of Romanesque Architecture.
Leuchars Rail station for St Andrews North Fife.
Scotrail train from Dyce to Edinburgh at Leuchars Station North Fife, serving St Andrews and RAF Leuchars. The is a frequent Bus service to the towns. it has a well attended Taxi Rank also.

North Fife Accommodation Cupar Tarvit

Cupar Hill of Tarvit Mansion House is a National Trust Property offering high quality at low rates.
Our three holiday properties are situated in and around Hill of Tarvit Mansionhouse, a gracious Edwardian house with beautiful gardens, both remodelled in 1906 by the distinguished architect Sir Robert Lorimer. The house contains a fine collection of furniture, paintings and objects d'art.
Set amid peaceful countryside 2½ miles from Cupar and 10 miles from St Andrews, Hill of Tarvit is centrally placed for touring Fife. Children will be fascinated by the Scottish Deer Centre, approximately four miles away. All the properties have fine views over rolling farmland. The nearest shops are 1 mile away in Ceres and 2 miles away in Cupar.
Fife boasts all four of Scotland's Blue Flag beaches - ensuring that they are clean and safe with plenty of facilities. St Andrews West Sands, Elie Harbour Beach, Burntisland and Aberdour Silver Sands have all passed with flying colours. There are plenty of other beaches which have won Seaside Awards, from Kinghorn to Crail, Anstruther to Kingsbarns. For safe family fun, Fife's beaches are the best in Scotland.
Sample elegant surroundings in this spacious self-contained apartment on the first floor of the mansionhouse. Recently refurbished, it has its own front door to the rear of the house: access is via an external staircase (not suitable for the elderly/infirm).
One twin bedroom and one double bedroom, sitting room, dining kitchen and bathroom with bath and shower over bath.

North Fife Cooking

Along with the post of yesterday, such was the positive impression created by Heston Blumethal I decided also to purchase his book, In Search of Perfection.
One of the world's most renowned chefs, Heston Blumenthal has made his name creating such original - and some might say bizarre - dishes as Snail Porridge and Nitrogen Scrambled Egg and Bacon Ice Cream at his internationally acclaimed restaurant, The Fat Duck. Heston decided, though, that it was time to go back to both his and our roots and to focus his creative talent on reinventing some of our most well-known and abused dishes.
In order to do this he travelled around the world in search of perfect versions of eight dishes which represent the essence of our culinary heritage:

Roast Chicken & Roast Potatoes
Pizza
Bangers and Mash
Steak
Spaghetti Bolognese
Fish & Chips
Black Forest Gateau
Treacle Tart & Ice Cream
Everybody's idea of perfection is different, and so Heston, drawing on interviews with experts and cooks as well as using his own culinary and scientific research, sets out to discover what makes these standards so great. He explores the origins of each dish, how to find the best ingredients, and of course the many different ways - and whys - of cooking them to perfection. He reveals priceless culinary tips along the way: everything from how to cut potatoes for flawless frying, to what makes the choicest beef, to the secret ingredients in the perfect spaghetti Bolognese, to capturing the essence of a fish and chip shop in a perfume bottle, to making aerated chocolate bars at home with a vacuum cleaner.
In Search of Perfection examines the role of food in our lives and memories and is a completely original, inspiring and fascinating exploration of these kitchen classics.
I enjoy to cook at home in Flisk North Fife and look forward to being shown ways towards perfection. To quote Michelangelo, Trifles make Perfection and Perfection is no Trifle.In Search of Perfection.

Heston Blumenthal in North Fife

Tonight I watched Heston Blumenthal on BBC television where he spent time in north east fife fishing villages talking of the virtues of fresh caught Scottish sea foods. I intend to buy this book which accompanies his TV series and is inspirational.Further Adventures in Search of Perfection Heston Blumenthal's TV series, In Search of Perfection as shown on BBC2 in autumn 2006, was so popular and successful that he has been commissioned for a second series this autumn. This book will accompany the series in the same way that Heston's first book, In Search of Perfection, complemented the original programme. It will examine a further eight classic dishes to find out how to cook them to perfection, as well as exploring the culture and history behind the food we eat. The list of dishes to be featured is: Trifle, Baked Alaska, Fish Pie, Hamburger, Peking Duck, Chicken Tikka Masala, Risotto and Chilli Con Carne. This will be another fascinating, original and inspiring look at kitchen classics. The demonstration of preparation and cooking of the fish pie was facinating/informative. For recipe!

North Fife Jimmy Shand

Jimmy Shand, long time player of favourite accordian music from Auchtermuchty North Fife. Accordion Favourites.

North Fife Hotel St Andrews Rufflets

Strathkinness Low Road , St Andrews, KY16 9TX. North Fife Hotel St Andrews.
Rufflets is a Luxury Country House set in 10 acres of landscaped gardens. Fine dining Garden Restaurant has 2 AA Rosettes, the bar supper Menu offers an informal alternative served Monday to Thursday 5pm to 7pm. Renowned for friendly personal service in a peacefull location only 1.5 miles from 'the home of golf'. We are happy to make golfing arrangements on any local courses. Ideal small conference centre with meeting rooms for up to 25 delegates. In March 2007, we commenced the building of our new Conference & Banqueting Room - The Garden Suite. This is sited to the east of the main house. Whilst there will be some noise disturbance during the day, we will be working hard to ensure that there will be little impact on the day to day operation of the hotel.
A photograph of one of the bedrooms at Rufflets Country House Hotel.
Christmas Breaks Scotland 2007
Christmas Breaks at Rufflets, one of the top hotels in Scotland, are available from the 24th to the 27th December. Whether visiting family and friends or just getting away from all the hustle and bustle of Christmas, our Christmas Break allows you the freedom of choice to come and go as you please in one of the most beautiful areas of Scotland.
Our Christmas break is £90.00 per person, per night and includes
Bed, Breakfast and VAT.
Should you wish to book any of our festive meals (Christmas day, Boxing Day, or dinner on Christmas eve), this should be done at the time of booking to avoid disappointment, as these meals are in high demand with non resident guests.
Our restaurant is closed on Christmas night, but we are happy to provide sandwiches if these are pre-ordered.
To book your Christmas break in Scotland at Rufflets call reservations on +44 (0)1334 472594 or send an enquiry.
Please view our information on Christmas Party Nights in Fife available 8th - 22nd December 2007 inclusive and be sure to register for information on Christmas Breaks in Scotland.

The Proclaimers North Fife Life with You

The Proclaimers from Auchtermuchty North Fife release their latest album. Following on from 2005's Restless Soul, Life With You is the seventh studio album from the bespectacled Scottish folk rock legends. Produced by Steve Evans (The Waterboys, Thea Gilmore), this release features thirteen brand new tracks which demonstrate the band's trademark blend of intelligent songwriting, emotive lyrical subject matter and impossibly catchy choruses, the result of which is a triumphant return to form for the twins. Includes the singles Life With You and Whole Wide World.Life With You .

North Fife Bed and Breakfast Lindores

North Fife Bed and Breakfast Lindores. Staying at Woodmill is all about a good day out in the country and coming back to the warmth and welcome of a family home.
Think of plenty of space, the smell of mellow woodsmoke and home-made bread, power showers and deep hot baths, a whisky from the bar and dropping into sink-down feather sofas in front of a crackling log fire. The bedrooms are fresh and comfortable with flowers from the garden and there's a countryside view from every window. For golfers St Andrews is only 25 minutes away, loch fishing is available just 10 minutes from the house and there is plenty of good walking all around.
Everyone who spends time here remarks that it's a very special house and Woodmill easily lives up to its slogan: In such a relaxed and relaxing atmosphere, it's impossible not to feel at home.

North Fife Bed and Breakfast Strathmiglo

Hill View Cottage Bed and Breakfast was built a of local red sandstone in about 1828. The cottage, situated in the Southeast corner of the village of Strathmiglo - North Fife, is bounded on two sides by open countryside. We cater for visitors who enjoy the peace and quiet of the countryside and we offer the opportunity to get away from it all.
Strathmiglo is a peaceful rural village lying in the north west of Fife in the lee of the Lomond Hills. It is the ancestral home of Johnny Cash (The American Country and Western Icon). The area offers excellent opportunities for many outdoor sports and pastimes including golf, gliding, walking, fishing; as well as touring the countryside by car.
Our B and B provides easy access to Perth, Edinburgh, Cupar, Glenrothes, Kirkaldy, Dunfermline and St. Andrews.

North Fife Bed and Breakfast Cupar

A warm welcome awaits you at this Bed and Breakfast in Cupar North Fife,Mansfield, our Victorian house, situated on the edge of Cupar. Guests can enjoy a refreshment and home baking as they relax in our garden with its spectacular views of the Lomond Hills and the Howe of Fife. 52 South Road
Cupar,Fife
KY15 5JF
Tel:01334 655120

North Fife Self catering holiday cottage

This charming holiday Cottage is located in the little village of Lower Largo, Fife near St Andrews the home of Alexander Selkirk (Robinson Crusoe). The cottage is 125 years old and is a traditional terrace and is right across the road from Largo bay. Largo beach boasts over 2 miles of stunning sandy beaches. From cliff top walking to a stroll along the seashore the view still takes your breath away.The cottage sleeps six and has been tastefully modernized but still retains much of its traditional charm. The open-plan ground floor consists a comfortable lounge with sofa bed leading to a dining area and a well equipped kitchen. The stairs lead to a spacious, sunny double bedroom on the first floor. A further stair off this room leads to an attic twin bedroom (more suitable for children) with combed ceilings (highest point 5' 5"). This is an airy attic with dormer window to the front of the house.

Self Catering cottage Fife

Castaway cottage in Lower Largo is a spendid place to take a vacation within easy reach of St Andrews and indeed the whole of the Kingdom of Fife. Self-catering cottage accommodation for five
by the beach at Lower Largo in Fife, Scotland.

Football North Fife Scotland

Today, probably the majority of people in Scoland were aware of the foolball game between Italy v Scotland. This is one local supporter getting ready to watch the match on Television, dressed in a patriotic way.

Flisk North Fife

From time to time and it seems one of those times is happening now, there is a lot of military activity overhead of Flisk in north fife. We live on the panhandle of Leachars airfield and experience the comings and goings of aircraft of all kinds particularly if there is imminent conflict in the world.

North Fife Books The Celtic Place Names of Scotland

North Fife Books The Celtic Place Names of Scotland. First published in 1926, this remains the best and most comprehensive reference guide to the Celtic place-names of Scotland. This is the only paperback edition of this classic work, which is essential reading for anyone interested in Scottish history and the derivations of place names the length and breadth of the country. Many place-names date before the arrival of the Celts (the name 'Tay', for example, is almost certainly thousands of years old), and each successive group of invaders and settlers - Britons, Dalriadic Scots, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Normans, Picts and many others - constantly adding and enriching, leaving their own unique story in the landscape. The book is divided into sections dealing with early names, territorial divisions, general surveys of areas; it also looks at saints, church terms and river names. For the scholar, and indeed anyone interested in the subject, this book is a prime reference point which has never been surpassed. The Celtic Placenames of Scotland.

North Fife Air Force

My view from north fife has an immense sky and today I noticed unusual aircraft activity. A large jet was locked in a clockwise circle of about fifty miles radius at about thirty thousand feet. Ummmmm, It went on for hours and still might be. My curiosity led me to phone R.A.F. Leuchars. A corporal advised me that there is nothing sinister, just an international exercise. An exercise in going round and round? or just seeing how large a carbon footprint can be made in a day.

North Fife Holiday let Auchtermuchty

This self catering holiday let is situated in the town of Auchtermuchty North Fife. In the summer there is a week long folk music festival and much else to enjoy. The town centre was used for the television series Dr Finlay.
Baincraig Lodge is centrally heated, double glazed and beautifully presented. Best suited to adults and children over 12, the lodge is situated in its own garden area with wonderful views over the valley to Falkland and the Lomond Hills. The accomodation offers 1 double en-suite and 1 twin bedroom adjacent to a large bathroom. In addition to lounge, kitchen and dining areas there is a utility room and wraparound verandah. The property is very well appointed and conveniently situated for St.Andrews, Perth, Stirling, Edinburgh etc.

North Fife Spirit of St Andrews

North Fife, Spirit of St Andrews.
There's no question that Dr Alister MacKenzie was one of the best golf course architects in the history of the game. Augusta National, Royal Melbourne, Cypress Point among many other famous layouts are proof of that fact. In the mid-1990s, MacKenzie's lost golf manuscript, written a year before his death in 1933, was found and finally published as The Spirit of St Andrews. Even all these years later, MacKenzie's thoughts on such topics as the golf swing, rules, great courses and holes, and golfers are interesting and intuitive.No Title Found .

North Fife St Andrews Links

Experience The Old Course, St. Andrews Links describes what it is like to play the most famous golf course in the world, in knowledgable words, stunning photography and artistically enhanced high-resolution images of the course.These images allow three-dimensional views of the humps and hollows which characterise The Old Course using a process which is unique to Optimize Golf. The traditional photography has been carefully selected to complement the imagery, and both are seamlessly integrated into the text of the book.
The text gives a brief but informative history of the town and the course and its clubs, and then describes the course as it is experienced today, as a play of five acts, with a prologue and denouement. The writing is by Richard Goodale, an acclaimed golf writer who has lived in Fife, Scotland for most of the past fifteen years. The Preface to the book has been kindly provided by Jack Nicklaus, Open Champion at St. Andrews in 1970 and 1978.Experience the Old Course St. Andrews Links .

North Fife St Andrews Anthology

Its ecclesiastical significance dates as far back as the fourth century, when St Regulus is claimed to have brought the relics of the saint there; its cultural importance dates from the early fifteenth century, when the world-famous university was founded there. More recently (since the seventeenth century) it has been well known as a centre for golf. This selection of short stories and essays is a wonderful literary celebration of this historic and venerable city which explore the multiple facets of its life and history It includes contributions from a wide range of authors, including A.L. Kennedy, Robert Fergusson, Alastair Reid, Ian Rankin, Samuel Johnson, Robert Burns, Don Paterson, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edwin Morgan, Hugh MacDiarmid, Willa Muir, Douglas Dunn, Anna Crowe, Meagan Delahunt, Seamus Heaney, Rudyard Kipling, Kathleen Jamie, Liz Lochhead, J.M. Barrie, Meg Bateman and Homer!The Book of St Andrews .

North Fife Buildings

One of Fife's most famous buildings include Dunfermline Abbey, with its sturdy Norman nave; St Andrews cathedral, the focus of the old University town on the North Sea coast; the foursquare post-Reformation kirk at Burntisland; the palace of Falkland, where James V became Britain's first patron of Renaissance architecture on the grand scale; and the little royal burghs along the coastal fringe, each with its harbour and its strings of vernacular houses presided over by the kirk and tollbooth. Cupar, at the centre of Fife's long peninsula, is the seat of local government and one of the most charming and prosperous of Scottish towns. Less well known are Fife's tower houses like Scotstarvit, the old seaboard castles of St Andrews and Ravenscraig, the picturesque Balgonie Castle and the thoroughly domesticated Kellie Castle. Of Fife's churches one of the most beautiful is Dairsie; and three centuries of inventive design in burial monuments come to an unexpected climax in a work by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in the MacDuff cemetery, East Wemyss. Fife (Pevsner Buildings of Scotland).

North Fife Mountquhanie bull

North fife Mountquhanie bull, some beast! Looks like a Hereford Cross to me, maybe you will know? This is one of two that sire the herd at mountquhanie farm.

North Fife Flisk November

Overlooking my house at Flisk North Fife today, a cold November one at that. Looking west to the Highland mountains beyond the river Tay.

North Fife Property to Let Mountquhanie

As can be seen this really is a beautiful rural location, full of history, in the Parish of Flisk North Fife, soft varied landscape to explore, wander in and enjoy. Click all photos.

Amidst the gentle, unspoilt countryside of Mountquhanie Estate, tucked away in the hills and woodlands 5 miles north of Cupar is Creich Castle Farmhouse. The property is located on historic Creich Farm, with glorious views over the surrounding countryside and at the foot of The Creich Craigs. This traditional Scots farmhouse has been tastefully modernised to form a delightful, spacious and comfortable property.

It stands apart from the farm buildings and next to 16th century Creich Castle, birthplace of Mary Bethune, one of the four ladies-in-waiting to Mary Queen of Scots.

North Fife Remembrance Newburgh

Today Remembrance Sunday in Newburgh North Fife, The fallen of past wars were acknowledged with the laying of Wreaths in commemoration of those who have sacrificed their lives.

North Fife Newburgh Waterside

Newburgh North Fife Boat Burning, This is how it looked prior to being lit, bedecked with flags and artwork produced by Newburgh Primary School.


Today the the remains of the boat, mostly ballast and iron, with a view in the distance of the Bear and Ragged Staff cut into the hillside of Parkhill Newburgh North Fife. Click on image to enlarge.